1 Hopes, needs, feelings 1.1 Expressing what you/somebody know, hope or want 1.2 Personal feelings 2 Future and past 2.1 Future plans, try to, purpose (.. ni iku) 2.2 Having done, tried to, decided to 3 Adverbial phrases 3.1 Way of doing things 3.2 Time, before, while, after, whenever 3.3 Almost 3.4 Never and always 3.5 Ordinal numbers 3.6 Possibility 3.7 Skills 3.8 Easy/difficult, advantageous, substantial 3.9 Start and finish doing, completion 3.10 Movement (te kuru, te iku) 3.11 From now on, begin to (te iku, te kuru) 3.12 Considering or comparing something (same, different), in point of, unlike 3.13 Depending on 3.14 Directions 3.15 Facts, things generally accepted as 4 Conjunctional phrases 4.1 Reason and cause 4.2 In order to, for, to, so that 4.3 And, also, either, only (verbs and nouns/adjectives) 4.4 Even, even though, although 4.5 Limiting (Without, because not, not...but, but, instead of) 4.6 Whether 4.7 Than 4.8 Misc conjunctional 5 Adjectival phrases and pronouns 5.1 One 5.2 Some, something 5.3 Misc adjectives 5.4 Misc pronouns 6 Interacting with another person 6.1 Doing services for soneone, having services done 6.2 Allowance (No need to, don't have to, it's ok to) 6.3 Prohibitions 6.4 Obligations (must, have to) 6.5 Suggesting (ought to) 6.6 Asking permission 6.7 Asking favours 6.8 Imperative (Do...) 6.9 Let's, should we 6.10 Asking questions (ka, why) 6.11 Passive & causative 7 Insecure 7.1 Conditional (If, when, even if) 7.2 Assumptions 7.3 Like: looks like, seems like, sort of, such as 7.4 Hearsay and quoting 7.5 Checking (Was it ?) 7.6 Approximating 8 Changing the weight of the sentence 8.1 Emphasizing 8.2 Expressing gratitude 8.3 Especially humble forms 8.4 Especially polite/honorific forms 8.5 Habitual action 9 Slang 9.1 Abbreviations 9.2 Negative 9.3 Adverbial prefixes 10 Grammatical 10.1 Referencing 10.2 Strange particles 10.3 Nominalizing (no, koto, tokoro) and abstraction (koto: the fact that…) 10.4 Continuative and resultative 10.5 Other grammatical 11 Handy phrases 12 Special subjects 12.1 Verbs that take "o" as "about" 12.2 The many meaning of "nante" 12.3 The strange meaning og "natte iru" 12.4 Sonna ni / sore hodo 12.5 Yo and ne 12.6 The many usages of mo 12.7 The "ki" words 13 Unsorted 14 Comments Verb forms
|
It is the practice that..., it is customary
that...
koto ni
natteiru
koto to
natteiru
|
It is customary that I go to my sister's
every Sunday.
Mainichiyou ane no uchi ni iku koto
ni natteimasu.
|
|
koto ni
shiteiru
koto to
shiteiru
|
I make it a practice to take a short walk
every day.
Mainichi sukoshi sanpo suru koto ni
shiteimasu.
I make it a practice to socialize only with
rich people.
Kanemochi igai to wa tsukiawanai koto
ni shiteiru.
|
|
It is so that, it is a rule that, it is
generally accepted that
ni naru
|
This one is a wedding
dress.
Kotchi ga wedding dress ni narimasu
nee.
|
|
In fact
jitsu wa...
... jitsu wa
...
|
As a matter of fact I have never tried to
take (that train) either.
Watashi mo jitu wa notta koto ga nai
no da.
|
|
Always
itsumo
|
The children always want to eat
candy.
Kodomo wa itsumo okashi o
tabetagarimasu.
|
|
Have never...
-ta tameshi ga (/wa)
nai
|
He has never been mad.
Ano hito wa okotta tameshi ga
arimasen.
|
|
|
|
|
Difficult to
V2-gatai
V2-nikui
V2-zurai
Opposite of
yasui
Gatai is only used in
writing
Only nikui can be used with
intransitive verbs.
Zurai describes only
undesireable situations.
|
This book is hard to read.
Kono hon wa yominikui
desu.
A book which is difficult to
read.
Yominikui
hon
His behaviour is hard to
understand.
Kare no koui ga rikai
shigatai.
It’s hard to say that this project
was a success.
Kono purojekuto wa seikou shita to wa
iigatai.
This trip will be an unforgettable memory
for me.
Kono ryokou wa watashi ni totte
wasuregatai omide ni naru darou.
This door doesn’t open
easily.
Kono to wa
hirakinikui.
In this copy the letters are weak and hard
to read.
Kono kopii wa ji ga usukute yomi
zurai.
|
|
Be hard to...
V2-kaneru
|
It's hard to say, but...
Moushikanemasu
ga...
|
|
Easy to...
V2-yasui
Opposite of
nikui
|
I think Danish is a place where it is very
easy to live. A country that treats old people good.
Denmaaku wa totemo sumiyasui tokoro
da to omotteru. Toshiyori ni mo yasashii kuni.
This pen is easy to write
with.
Kono pen wa kakiyasui
desu.
A pen which is easy to write
with.
Kakiyasui
pen.
|
|
Shown (heard) to advantage
V2-bae
limited usage
|
That exhibition was much to look
at.
Ano tenrankai wa mibae ga
shita.
Music not pleasing to
hear.
Kikibae no shinai
ongaku.
Music pleasing to hear.
Kikibae no aru
ongaku
|
|
Worth doing
V2-gai
|
Because that child can learn everything
well, it is worth teaching him.
Ano ko wa nandemo yoku oboeru kara,
oshiegai ga aru.
|
|
Be substantial
V2-de ga aru
??? Er dette korrekt???
|
It takes one a long time to read this book
through.
Kono hon wa yomide ga
arimasu.
|
|
As, in order to, that, because,
therefore
Vte
i-adjctives get –kute
added.
na-adjectives are followed by
de.
See also: -te
This usage is somewhat similar to the
English participal phrase, "Being warm, it is an easy place for people to
live".
See also:
4.3
|
I am happy that the war is
over.
Sensou ga owatte ureshii
desu
Mr. Yamada won't come because he is
sick.
Yamada-san wa byooki de,
kimasen.
I feel fine cause the room is
bright.
Kono heya wa akarukute, kimochi ga ii
desu.
The doctor gives the patient medicin in
order to cure the disease.
Isha wa byounin ni nusuri o yatte
byouki o naoshimasu.
He is Japanese and therefore doesn't speak
English.
Ano hito wa nihonjin de, eigo ga
dekimasen.
Because this place is warm all year, it is
very easy to live here.
Koko wa ichinen-juu atatakakute
totemo sumiyasui desu.
I was really glad to hear what you told
me!
Kiite yokatta yo, hontou
ni.
!!!!!!!!!MORE
HERE!!!!!!!!!!
|
|
And, and therefore
V2
This usage is more formal than using
–te.
Desu -> deari
|
I read your letter and immediately wrote a
reply.
O-tegami o yomi, sugu ni henji o
kakimashita.
|
|
because, therefore, since
kara
Vinf kara
Kara is typically the
speaker’s opinion, whereas node is a general
reason.
Also it places emphasis more on the result,
cf. node
|
I like you, so don't worry about
it.
Kimi no koto wa suki dakara, ki ni
suru na.
Please wait for me, because I will come
(go) very soon.
Mou sugu iku kara matteite
kudasai.
|
|
(implicit reason)
kara
Sometimes kara is an implicit reason, not
translated with any words.
|
In Japan December is busy too. First of all
you have to write New Year’s cards...
Nihon demo 12 gatu wa isogashii yo. Mazu nengajou o
kakanakutewa ikenai kara ne...
|
|
and
kara
node
If there is an implicit reason,
kara or node can be used for
“and”
|
Before you wrote them in the hand, but
today we use computer, which is very convenient.
Mukashi wa "hand writing" tte de kaite ita
keredo, ima wa pasokon de kaku kara raku ni natta
yo.
He married a girl from a poor home, and
kept on being poor.
Binbou na ie no musume-san o
moraimashita node, aikawarazu binbou no mama deshita,
|
|
node
Kara is typically the
speaker’s opinion, whereas node is a general
reason
|
Because an important friend is dead, I'm
sad.
Taisetsu na tomodachi wa shinjatta
node, kanashinde iru.
|
|
Precisely because
kara koso
Emphatic
|
Precisely because I go, he goes
too.
Watakushi ga iku kara koso, kare mo
iku n desu.
|
|
Now that, since, if
kara ni wa
|
If you do it at all, do a good
job.
Yaru kara ni wa ii shigoto o
shinasai.
If you say so, it must be
true.
Kimi ga iu kara ni wa hontou ni
chigainai.
|
|
Just because
kara to itte
|
Just because I am tired, I can't very well
sleep all the time.
Tsukareta kara to itte nete bakari
iru wake ni mo ikimasen.
|
|
It’s not so that
wake dewa
nai
|
It is not so that everybody each
day ?? at a conbini
Minna ga mainichi conbini de sumasu
wake dewa nai
|
|
There is no reason not
to...
...V1-nai wake wa/ga
nai.
|
There is no reason for him not to go, you
know.
Ano hito ga ikanai wake wa nai desu
yo.
|
|
It is so that / To... /
When...
koto
|
“oosouji” is when you clean up places you do not
normally clean.
“oosouji” tte wa itumo wa souji o shinai
tokoro made souji o suru koto.
In Japan it is so that prostitution is illegal. But in Denmark
it is not.
Nihon dewa baishun wa ikenai koto. Demo Denmaaku dewa
chigaun da ne.
|
|
It is so that / because
mono
mon
Explains reason
Mono indicating a reason like
this, is only used in informal speech. Mon is yet more
informal
|
I am impressed.
Erai mon da
naa.
|
|
It's not that I don't...
-nai koto wa
nai
|
It's not that I don't see movies; I don't
see them very often.
Eiga o minai koto wa arimasen ga
amari minai no desu.
|
|
It doesn't mean that I
don't...
-nai wake dewa
nai
|
It doesn't mean that I can't speak
Japanese; but I can't speak it too well.
Nihongo ga hanasenai wake dewa nai
ga, amari umaku wa hanasemasen.
|
|
Only because
Vta bakari
ni
|
Only because I was ill, I couldn't attend
my good friend's wedding.
Byouki datta bakari ni nakayoshi no
tomodachi no kekkonshiki ni deraremasen deshita.
|
|
It is that...
...no? (a)
...no. (b)
The declarative sentence (b) is used by
women and children only.
Also used for emotinal
emphasis
See also no da
|
Why are you crying? Cause mommy's
gone-
Doushite naiteiru no? O-kaasan ga
inai no.
He is so gentle you know.
Ano hito wa yasashii
no.
|
|
It is that...
...no da
...n’ da
This makes the sentence more emphatic too.
The speaker is more interested in the answer, it is more than just a declarative
sentence.
da + n’ -> nan
|
What are you doing?
Nani o shiteiru n’ desu
ka?
I am studying Japanese.
Nihongo o benkyou shiteiru n’
desu.
It was quiet.
Shizuka datta n’
da.
He was a teacher.
Sensei nan
da.
|
|
..., that's how it is.
...,sou desu
ne.
|
I live in that red building over
there.
Watashi wa ano akai tatemono ni
sundeimasu, sou desu ne. (??)
|
|
Due to the fact that...
kankei jou
|
Due to the fact that it is cold here even
in summer, plants do not grow well.
Koko wa natsu de mo kikou ga samui
kankei jou, shokubutsu ga yoku sodachimasen.
|
|
And
to
And between two or more
nouns
|
|
|
And (amongst other)
ya
And between two or more
nouns
|
|
|
And their
to no
|
First telle me about Mr. Yamada, Mr. Katou
and how they met.
Mazu, yamada-san to katou-san to no
deai o oshiete kudasai.
|
|
And, then, after
Vte
Vte wa
Conjunction for sequence of
actions
See also uner cause
See also:
4.1
|
I went home and made
dinner.
Uchi e kaette, shokuji o
shimashita.
I ate and then came.
Tabete
kimashita.
Sephiroth robbed the Sando of his life, and
returned to his castle.
Sephiroth wa Sando no inochi o
ubatte, shiro ni kaetta.
(ubau = snatch)
We went to the library, and
studied.
Toshokan ni itte, benkyou
shimashita.
Even during the vacation I am busy, because
we'll have exams right after the Christmas vacation is over.
Kurisumasu no yasumi ga owatte sugu
shiken ga aru kara yasumi-chuu mo isogashii.
Everyday he went gathering firewood in the
woods, bundled it on his 3 donkeys and went to sell it.
Mainichi, mori no naka de takigi o
atsumete wa, kore o 3tou no roba ni tsunde uri ni
ikimashita.
|
|
Do... and
Vte ori
Vte ite
Vte ori is more format than
Vte ite. It can only be used in writing. Here it does not express
special politeness.
|
Father is travelling in Tokyo now, and
Mother remains in Kyoto.
Chichi wa ima Toukyou ni ryokou shite
ori, haha wa Kyouto ni nokotte orimasu.
This entrance is for employees only and
other (ordinary) people cannot enter here.
Kono iriguchi wa juugyouin senyou ni
natte ori, ippan no hito wa koko kara wa hairenai.
|
|
till
made
|
I could not drink till I got a hangover
because the party was in Jylland and I had to bring my car.
Paati wa Jylland de atte, kuruma o
motte ikanakucha ikenakattakara futsukayoi ni narumade
nomenakatta.
|
|
these ...
korera no
...
|
Different languages are spoken by the
people living in these buildings.
Kotonatta gengo ga korera no tatemono
ni sundeiru hitobito ni yotte hanasareteimasu.
|
|
You ought to... / it's better to / you
should
...Vta hou ga
ii
|
You'd better go home
early.
Hayaku kaetta hou ga ii desu.
You should study every
day.
Mainichi benkyou suru hou ga ii
desu.
Normally it is better the cheaper,
right?
Futsuu wa yasui hou ga ii desu,
ne.
It is probably best if the bottle is
empty.
Bin wa kara no hou ga ii
deshou.
When you get ill you should contact your
doctor
Byouki no toki ni wa o-isha ni kakeru hou
ga ii desu.
You'd better not... / You'd better
stop...
...yameta hou ga
ii
|
|
It's better not to...
...V1-nai hou ga
ii
|
It's better not to go
today.
Kyou wa ikanai hou ga ii desu
yo.
|
|
Can't very well not do
something
V1-nai wake ni (wa)
ikanai
|
I couldn't very well not help
them.
Tetsudawanai wake ni wa ikimasen
deshita.
|
|
You should just... / Why don’t
you
V4-ba ii
|
All you have to do (in order to be cured)
is eat your medicin.
Kusuri o yomeba ii n’
desu.
If you don't want to die, why don't you go
back?
Shinitaku nakattara, kaereba ii ja
nai ka?
|
|
I must...
V4-ba ii
(Strong) suggestion to one
self
|
Reciting history is pretty difficult I think. I must take care
not letting out any characters when sending it to you.
Rekishi wo kataru no wa kanari muzukashii to omoimasu.
Ji ga zurenaide okuru koto ga dekireba ii no dakedo.
|
|
You should just
V2 sae sureba
ii
|
You just have to press the
button.
Botan o oshi sae sureba
ii.
All you have to do is work
hard.
Kimi wa tada isshoukenmei benkyou shi
sae sureba ii no da.
|
|
I should have / It would
have been better if (I) had...
V4-ba
yokatta
|
I should have eaten
earlier.
Hayaku tabereba yokatta
desu.
|
|
(You) should / ought to /
must
Vif beki N
Vif beki da
Attributive form of beshi of
bungotai (literary form)
Suru -> suru beki or
subeki
Kuru -> kuru beki or
kubeki
|
You should study some
more.
Motto benkyou suru beki
desu.
I guess it’s something you ought to
welcome.
Kangei suru beki mono
darou.
This is a book you ought to
read.
Kore wa yomu beki hon
da.
You should go tomorrow.
Ashita iku beki
desu.
This kind of thing should not be done
now.
Konna koto wa ima subeki koto dewa
nai.
|
|
V4-ba ii
|
|
|
Should
Vtara ii
|
|
|
Is to be
V1-setara ii
V1-sasetara ii (for vowel stem
verbs)
sasetara ii
|
But which one is to be
prefered?
Dochira o yuusen sasetara ii no
kashira.
|
|
What about.. ? / Have you thought
of...?
... Vtara dou ka
na?
... Vtara
dou?
... Vte wa dou ka
na?
|
What about cleaning up?
Souji o shitara dou?
Foreigners can receive a Japanese test.
Have you thought about trying to take it?
Gaikokujin ga nihongo no test wo ukerareru no. Tameshite
mitara dou ka shira?
What about trying to recommend her
jogging?
Jogging o susumete mite wa dou
kana?
|
|
...what to do about...
...ni tsuite nani o suru beki
ka...
|
The government discussed what to do about
it.
Seihu wa sore ni tsuite nani o suru
beki ka o giron shimashita.
|
|
Vte ii
Informal
|
Can I taste your pizza?
Anata no piza no aji o mite ii desu
ka?
|
|
May I...?. (I'd like to...) -nai you ni
: in order not to
Gakkou ni okurenai you ni hayaku
okimasu.
I get up early in order not to be late for
school.
o-V2 ga shitai no desu
ga?
|
Hello. May I speak to
Junichi?
Konnichi wa. Junichi to o-hanashi ga
shitai no desu ga?
|
|
About / approximate
Vta/N bakari
da
|
|
|
gurai
|
|
|
Ca.
yaku
|
|
|
Thank you for ...
–ing
...Vte kudasatte arigatou
gozaimasu.
|
Thank you for calling.
Denwa shite kudasatte arigatou
gozaimasu.
|
|
Used to
Vta mono da
Habitual occurrence in the
past
|
I often used to fight with my little
brother when I was little.
Chiisai toki watakushi wa yoku otouto
to kenka shita mono desu.
|
|
|
|
|
ssu
A less formal version for
desu
Used typically in the sports
world.
|
You always welcome a party, don't
you.
Paati wa itudemo ureshiissu
nee.
|
|
Negative
V1-n'
|
Sou wa ikan.
It won't work out that
way.
|
|
(negative suffix) frequently contracted to
-n as in arimasen.
-nu
Example: -ka mo shirenu = -ka mo
shirenai
|
|
|
Extra, more, deep, (etc.)
mono-
Adds a meaning o
|
Really fantastic...
Monosugoku...
Immensed in deep thoughts.
Mono-omoi ni
fuketteiru.
|
|
to
|
|
|
tte
|
|
|
so called
to iu no
|
We do so called shrine
visit
“O-miyamairi” to iu no o
suru
|
|
to iu no wa
|
|
|
about
ni tsuite
|
It is interesting to learn about foreign
cultures.
Gaikoku no bunka ni tsuite manabu
koto wa omoshiroi desu.
|
|
about
no koto
Note that no koto no does not
exist.
|
|
|
About (that)...
to iu koto
|
I read in a book, about you not rinsing
your plates.
Kon o yonda... O-sara o susuganai to
iu koto.
|
|
ni tsuite no
|
|
|
about...
...tte
|
|
|
talk about something (N) at a place
(P)
N no hanashi o P de
shita
|
We talked about yakitori over ICQ.
Yakitori no hanashi wo ICQ de shita.
|
|
Concerning, with regard to, about,
on
ni kanshite
ni kanshite
wa
ni kanshi
ni
kanshimashite
ni
kanshimashi
ni kanshimashite is more
formal than ni kanshite
Formal equivalent of e.g. ni
tsuite.
See also: no koto
|
With regard to that issue, we are not yet
at the stage where we can announce anything.
Sono ken ni kanshimashite wa, mada
happyou dekiru dankai dewa arimasen.
(happyou suru = announce, dankai =
stage)
There was a lot of criticism concerning Mr.
Yoshioka's presentation at the conference.
Sono gakkai de Yoshioka-shi no
happyou ni kanshite ooku no hihan ga nasareta.
(hihan =
criticism)
|
|
(Something) Concerning, with regard to,
about, on (something)
...ni kansuru
N
Formal equivalent of ni tsuite
no.
|
Last week a conference on litterature was
held in Tokyo.
Senshuu, Toukyou de bungaku ni
kansuru gakkai ga hirakareta.
(hiraku = to open (a festival
etc.))
|
|
?? (you can almost ignore this I
think)
(noun)-taru
|
|
|
|
|
|
...don't you?
...sou
deshou?
|
You like this music, don't
you?
Anata wa kono ongaku ga suki desu,
sou deshou?
|
|
How...!
Nante ...
na!
|
How pretty!
Nante kirei
na!
|
|
What a... !
Nante...
deshou!
|
What a beautiful day!
Nante uraraka na hi
deshou!
What a wonderful son!
Nante subarashii musuko
deshou!
|
|
Why not?
|
Mochiron iinja arimasen
ka?
|
|
..., isn't it?
..., sou
darou?
|
It's your cow, isn't it?
Sore wa anata no meushi desu, sou
deshou?
|
|
Anyway,
Nani mo ka
mo
|
Anyway, it's all her
fault.
Nani mo kamo aitsu ga warui n’
da.
|
|
|
|
|
At that point...
Soko de...
|
|
|
(So) then...
Sore de...
|
|
|
That being the case...
Sou iu wake
de...
|
|
|
Then..., So...
De...
Contraction of either: soko de, sore
de or sou iu wake de etc.
Can either be an encouragement to your
conversational partner to continue speaking or it can be used to
explain.
|
So, how was she doing?
De, kanojo, genki
datta?
Train service has been
stopped.
So when is it going to start up again? Densha ga tomatte
orimasu.
De, itsu ugoku n’ desu ka? I come home, see, and the door is locked.
So I had no choice but to wait outside.
Kaette kitara doa ni kagi ga kakatte
iru no yo. De, shikata ga nai kara soto de matteta no.
|
|
...or something like that.
...toka ne.
|
|
|
What on earth, really, in fact
Ittai
|
Dear, what are you telling him
now?!
Anata, ittai ima kare ni nani o
itteru no?!
|
|
Oh,...
Nanda,...
|
A fire?! ... Oh, in the
fireplace.
Hi datte?! ...Nanda, danro ni
ka.
|
|
Yes indeed, oh my
Iya / iyaa
iya normally means
“no” or “disgusting” or similar.
|
Yes indeed, bonsai is a fine
pursuit.
Iyaa, bonsai mo ii desu
na.
|
|
Funny you should mention
it,...
Tokoro de
dokkoi,...
|
|
|
How goes with... ?
... wa dou?
|
How goes with karate
practice?
Karate no renshuu wa
dou?
|
|
I was thinking...
Kangaete mite...
|
|
|
And..
..shi ne.
|
And the apartment prices are
high...
Apaato dai wa takai shi
ne...
|
|
|
|
|
with all that...
... no sei
de
|
I can't do anything with all that noisy
music.
Watashi wa ano souzoushii ongaku no
sei de nanimo suru koto ga dekimasen."
|
|
I have known you for ...
Shiriai ni natte ... ni
naru.
|
We have known each other for a month
now.
Watashitachi wa shiriai ni natte
ikkagetsu ni
narimasu.
|
|
Become more and more...
masumasu ... Vte
kita.
|
Tonight it has become even more
colder.
Konban wa masumasu samuku natte
kimashita ne.
|
|
Remember that...
Vta oboe ga
aru
|
I don't remember if I read about such a
thing.
Sonna koto o yonda oboe wa
arimasen.
|
|
Don't know (what, etc.) to
do...
interrogative Vtara ii ka
wakaranai
interrogative Veba ii ka wakaranai
|
I don't know what to do.
Dou shitara ii ka
wakaranai.
I don't know where to go.
Doko e ittara ii ka
wakaranai.
|
|
You do that too?
Anata mo
sou?
Colloquial
|
|
|
Draw attention
hito no me o
hiku
|
An eye-catching poster
me o hiku posutaa
|
|
You wouldn’t...
Vpot-negative
|
I hadn’t thought you were (just) 20
years. You give the impression of being much older.
20sai ni wa omoenai. Motto otona no
kanji ga suru.
|
|
It makes me sick to
Vlex to
iyaninaru
|
It makes me sick to think about
it.
Sore o omoidasu to
iyaninaru.
|
|
Through all / In all
N juu
|
In all of Japan
Nihon-juu
Through the whole year
Ichinen-juu
|
|
Don't give up...
... o
akiramenaide
|
Don't give up your dreams.
Yume o
akiramenaide...
|
|
There is something...
... tokoro ga
aru
|
There is something cute about
her.
Kawaii tokoro ga aru n’ da
ze.
|
|
enthusiasm
nesshin
|
You are really entusiastic in
studying!
Sugoku benkyou nesshin
ne!
|
|
Fall, drop
ochiru
|
All the apples have fallen off the tree
Ringo wa zenbu ki kara
ochita
The trees outside are loosing their leaves
Soto no ki wa ha ga
ochiteimasu
|
|
Run out of
V2-kireru
|
Although they just started selling it
yesterday, it is already sold out.
Kinou uridashita no ni, mou urikirete
shimaimashita.
|
|
Survival of the fittest
Jakuniku
kyoushoku
|
|
|
Kill time
hima o
tsubusu
|
|
|
Useful ...
yaku ni tatsu
N
|
This is a very useful
commodity.
Sore wa totemo yaku ni tatsu mono
desu
|
|
To differ
sa ga/wa aru
chigau
|
There is not really much difference I think
Amari sa wa nai to omou
kedo
|
|
Experience
keiken
keiken suru
keiken ga
aru
keiken ni
naru
|
I want to experience many different
things.
Takusan iroiro na koto o keiken
shitai.
This is the coldest weather I have ever
experienced (I have never experienced anything like this cold)
Konna samusa wa koremade ni keiken
shita koto ga nai.
I know what it is like to lose a
child.
Watashi wa kodomo o nakushita tsurai
keiken ga aru.
I am new to this kind of
work.
Watashi was kou iu shigoto ni wa
keiken ga nai.
It is almost impossible, I know from my own
experience.
Boku no keiken kara suru to sore wa
hotondo fukanou da ne.
I think this will be a very good experience
(for you).
Totemo ii keiken ni naru to omou yo.
People that haven’t experienced it
don’t know I think, how truly hard it is to study while having a part time
job.
Keiken no nai hito wa wakaranai ka mo shiremasen ga
arubaito o shi nagara benkyou suru no wa hontou ni taihen
desu.
|
|
younger + older
|
He is two years younger than me.
Watashi yori futatsu shita. (shita = “under”
I think)
|
|
Put together / collected
matomete
|
Dishes and bowls for instance are collected
under the term “tableware”
Sara toka bowl o matomete
“shokki” to iu no da.
|
|
Don't know how (what,
etc.)
(interrogative word) Vte ii (no) ka
wakaranai
|
I don't know how to find difficult
characters.
Muzukashii ji o dou shite mitsukete
ii ka wakaranai.
|
|
I don’t know...
...wa yoku
wakaranai
|
|
|
Cannot help
Vte shiyou ga
nai
Vte shou ga nai
(?)
|
I couldn't help crying
hard.
Nakete shiyou ga
nakatta.
|
|
Manage to do
Vte nokeru
|
Hidoku muzukashii shigoto o umaku
shite noketa.
I managed to do a very difficult job
well.
|
|
Part (of), portion
bubun
|
“Toro” is that part of the
tuna’s meat that is rich on fat.
“Toro” wa maguro no niku no abura no ooi
bubun no koto.
|
|
Pretend
furi o suru
|
He always pretends no to see me, even if he
does see me.
Kare wa watakushi o mite mo itsumo
minai furi o shimasu.
|
|
Personally
kojinteki ni
|
To know personally
Kojinteki ni
shiru
Personal opinion
Kojinteki
iken
|
|
Endure, tolerate / have
patience
gaman suru
|
I endured the pain
Itai no o gaman
shita
I cannot tolerate the
noise
Souon ga gaman (limit)
dekinai
I have come to the end of my
patience
Mou gaman no genkai
desu
|
|
Imagine
souzou suru
|
The scenery there was different from what I
had imagined.
Soko no keshiki wa souzou shite ita
mono to chigatte ita.
I cannot imagine life without
water.
Mizu no nai seikatsu nado souzou
dekinai.
|
|
Irritate / be nercous
iraira suru
|
His rude manners irritates
me.
Ano hito no burei na taido ni wa
iraira suru.
|
|
|
If you want to do that, you may do
it.
Anata ni sore o suru ki ga areba shite mo ii
desu.
|
|
It is.. / It is like... / ...you
see
... yo.
|
|
|
Yeah,...
... ne.
|
|
|
Yeah, it is / Yeah, ... you
see
... yo ne.
|
|
|
Be interested in
... no ki ga
aru
|
|
|
Want to / be in the mood to / feel inclined
toward doing
ki ga aru
ki ga muku
|
If you want to do that, you may do
it.
Anata ni sore o suru ki ga areba shite mo ii
desu.
|
|
Not be interested in
... no ki ga
nai
|
|
|
To get along with
ki ga au
|
|
|
Be timid / be afraid
ki ga
chiisai
|
|
|
Become distracted
ki ga chiru
|
|
|
Have little patience /
quick-tempered
ki ga
mijikai
|
|
|
Hot-headed, hot-tempered
ki ga hayai
|
|
|
To have a hunch (that) / have a feeling
that, feel like
N no ki ga
suru
A ki ga suru
V3 ki ga
suru
|
You have a hunch that this is not true. (a description of
“usoppoi”)
Hontou dewa nai you na ki ga suru.
I don’t feel like going to school
today.
Kyou wa gakkou e iku ki ga
shimasen.
|
|
To mind / To care about / To
worry
ki ni suru
|
I have never really given much thought to such
things.
Sonna koto o amari ki ni shita koto ga nai
kara.
|
|
Don’t mind / be indifferent
to
ki ni shinai
|
|
|
Like / be pleased with
... ga ki ni
iru
Ki ni iteiru sounds like
ki niteru
|
Cindy likes Randy you
know.
Shindi wa ki ni iteiru n’ desu yo, Randi no
koto!
Well, that’s why I like him.
Ma, sonna tokoro mo ki ni iteiru n’ dakedo iu.
(?)
|
|
Be worried over, feel anxious / to be on
one’s mind / be bothered by
... ga ki ni
naru
... ga ki ni
kakaru
|
Do you mind it
Ki ni naru n’ desu yo?
I am somehow worried.
Nanka, ki ni natteiru
za
|
|
To change one’s mind
ki ga kawaru
|
|
|
thoughtful, care for, tactful / smart /
sensible
ki ga kiku
‹C‚ª—˜‚-
|
|
|
Come to feel like doing, by time feel like
doing
V3 ki ni natte
kuru
|
Since it is getting warm, I am beginning to feel like working
in the garden.
Atatakaku natte kita node, niwa de hataraku ki ni natte
kimashita.
|
|
To hurt one’s feelings / be
offended
ki ni sawaru
|
|
|
Be dissatisfied
ki ga
sumanai
|
|
|
Be reluctant to do
ki ga
susumanai
|
|
|
Pay attention (to) / take care, be
careful
(... ni) ki o
tsukeru
|
|
|
Notice that
...ni ki ga
tsuku
|
|
|
Faint
ki o ushinau
|
|
|
Irresolute / hesitating / have a weak
personality
ki ga yowai
|
|
|
Care for
ki ni
shiteiru
|
He must care for you too.
Kare, anata no koto ki ni shiteiru.
|
|
Don’t care
ki ni
shiteinai
ki ni
shinaide
Not as cold as betsu ni ..
nai
|
|
|
Don't worry about...
... ki ni shinaide
ii.
|
Don't worry about
replying.
Henji wa ki ni shinaide ii
desu.
|
|
In your/my imagination
ki no sei
|
It is just in your imagination.
Ki no sei da yo.
|
|
Pretentious
kidori
|
Pretentious person
Kidori-ya
|
|
As might be expected
Vinf dake ni
Vinf dake
atte
|
That he is somewhat weak in the head might
be expected from the fact that he is always bragging about strange
things.
Ano otoko wa itsumo okashina koto o
jiman suru dake ni doko ka tarinai.
|
|
Far from, no time to
dokoro dewa
nai
dokoro no hanashi dewa
nai
dokoro no sewagi dewa
nai
|
I was so busy that I couldn't go shopping
(far from having time to go shopping).
Isogashikute kaimono ni iku dokoro
dewa nakatta.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
Eksempel
|
Beskrivelse
|
|
V1
|
a (kawa-nai)
|
Negative base
|
|
V2
|
i (kai-masu)
|
Infinitiv / masu-form / ”Continuative
base”
|
|
V3 / Vlex
|
u (kau)
|
Dictionary form / Informal
non-past
|
|
V4
|
e (kae-ba)
|
Conditional base
|
|
V5 / Vou
|
ou (kaou)
|
Conjectural base
|
|
V6 / Vte
|
te (katte-iru)
|
te-form
|
|
V7 / Vta
|
ta (katta)
|
Informal past
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vinf
|
|
A verb in its informal form (fx kuru, kita,
konai, konakatta,
but not the V5-form)
|
|
Vpot
|
|
Potential form, V2-(ra)reru (korareru,
dekiru, kawareru, taberareu)
|
|
Astm
|
|
Adjective stem (hoshi, aka,
kirei)
|
|
N
|
|
Noun
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vtara
|
|
Equal to Vta + ra
|
|
Vnai
|
|
Equal to V1 + nai
|
|
Veba
|
|
Equal to V4 + ba
|